RESEARCH PAPER
Internet gaming disorder and the alternative five factor personality model: a study in a Spanish community sample
1
University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
2
Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research, Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Spain
3
European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
4
Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
5
Hospital Universitari Santa Maria de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
6
Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Submission date: 2023-08-11
Final revision date: 2024-03-05
Acceptance date: 2024-03-06
Online publication date: 2024-06-06
Corresponding author
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
the role of personality in interpersonal relations and social behaviorsindividual differencespersonality developmentpersonality assessment and diagnosis
ABSTRACT
Background:
This study was designed to examine the prevalence and relationships between the Internet gaming disorder (IGD) behaviors, suggested by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and personality traits.
Participants and procedure:
A sample community of 1,548 subjects, 707 men and 841 women, with a mean age of 40.90 and 38.89 years, respectively, was evaluated.
Results:
The results showed that only 7 subjects (0.5%) exceeded the cut-off point of 75 points to be classed as “disordered gamers” proposed by Fuster et al. (2016) in Spain. This study demonstrates the unidimensionality of the IGD-20, so it can be used as an ordinal dimensional measure to study the relationship between IGD symptoms and other related variables such as per-sonality in community samples. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that up to 8% of the variance of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 scale (IGD-20), as a dimensional scale, can be explained by low activity, high aggressiveness, introver-sion, non-planning impulsivity, sensation seeking, neuroticism and impulsiveness (attention impulsivity) using the Alterna-tive Five Factor Model (AFFM) of personality and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11).
Conclusions:
This study shows that the prevalence of IGD in the Spanish population is similar to that of other Western countries. The unidimensionality of the IGD-20 allows its use in correlational studies to examine the relationship between Internet gam-bling behaviors and personality variables. The implications of these personality profiles are discussed in relation to the psy-chological and clinical mechanisms involved in Internet gaming disorder.
This study was designed to examine the prevalence and relationships between the Internet gaming disorder (IGD) behaviors, suggested by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and personality traits.
Participants and procedure:
A sample community of 1,548 subjects, 707 men and 841 women, with a mean age of 40.90 and 38.89 years, respectively, was evaluated.
Results:
The results showed that only 7 subjects (0.5%) exceeded the cut-off point of 75 points to be classed as “disordered gamers” proposed by Fuster et al. (2016) in Spain. This study demonstrates the unidimensionality of the IGD-20, so it can be used as an ordinal dimensional measure to study the relationship between IGD symptoms and other related variables such as per-sonality in community samples. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that up to 8% of the variance of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 scale (IGD-20), as a dimensional scale, can be explained by low activity, high aggressiveness, introver-sion, non-planning impulsivity, sensation seeking, neuroticism and impulsiveness (attention impulsivity) using the Alterna-tive Five Factor Model (AFFM) of personality and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11).
Conclusions:
This study shows that the prevalence of IGD in the Spanish population is similar to that of other Western countries. The unidimensionality of the IGD-20 allows its use in correlational studies to examine the relationship between Internet gam-bling behaviors and personality variables. The implications of these personality profiles are discussed in relation to the psy-chological and clinical mechanisms involved in Internet gaming disorder.
REFERENCES (47)
1.
Aluja, A., García, O., & García, L. F. (2003). Relationships among extraversion, openness to experience, and sensa-tion seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 671–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-....
2.
Aluja, A., Lucas, I., Blanch, A., García, O., & García, L. F. (2018). The Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire shortened form (ZKA-PQ/SF). Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid....
3.
Aluja, A., Rossier, J., Oumar, B., García, L. F., Bellaj, T., Ostendorf, F., Ruch, W., Wang, W., Kövi, Z., Ścigała, D., Čekrlija, Đ., Stivers, A. W., Di Blas, L., Valdivia, M., Ben Jemaa, S., Atitsogbe, K. A., Hansenne, M., & Glicksohn, J. (2020). Multicultural validation of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire Shortened Form (ZKA-PQ/SF) across 18 countries. Assessment, 27, 728–748. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319....
4.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). APA Pub-lishing.
5.
American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text revi-sion). APA Publishing.
6.
Andrade, L. I., Viñán-Ludeña, M. S., & Alvarado, J. (2022). Psychometric validation of the Internet Gaming Disor-der-20 test among Ecuadorian teenagers and young people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 5109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
7.
Benjet, C., Orozco, R., Albor, Y. C., Contreras, E. V., Monroy-Velasco, I. R., Hernández Uribe, P. C., Báez Mansur, P. M., Covarrubias Díaz Couder, M. A., Quevedo Chávez, G. E., Gutierrez-García, R. A., Machado, N., Anders-son, C., & Borges, G. (2023). A longitudinal study on the impact of Internet gaming disorder on self-perceived health, academic performance, and social life of first-year college students. The American Journal on Addic-tions, 32, 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.1....
8.
Bolat, G. Ü., Çelik, D., Özgül, S., & Ercan, E. S. (2021). Psychiatric correlates of Internet gaming disorder in chil-dren. The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8, 45–50. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICT....
9.
Brown, M., Allen, J. S., & Dowling, N. A. (2015). The application of an etiological model of personality disorders to problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 1179–1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899....
10.
Chattopadhyay, S., Kumar, M., Singh, O. P., & Talukdar, P. (2020). Effect of Internet addiction on marital life. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 29, 268–271. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ip....
11.
Chia, D. X. Y., Kandasami, K., Seow, M. Y. L., Choo, C. C., Chew, P. K. H., Lee, C., & Zhang, M. W. B. (2020). Prevalence of Internet addiction and gaming disorders in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
12.
Choi, S. W., Kim, H. S., Kim, G. Y., Jeon, Y., Park, S. M., Lee, J. Y., Jung, H. Y., Sohn, B. K., Choi, J. S., & Kim, D. J. (2014). Similarities and differences among Internet gaming disorder, gambling disorder and alcohol use disor-der: a focus on impulsivity and compulsivity. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.....
13.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum.
14.
Costa, P., & McCrae. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment Resources.
15.
Darvesh, N., Radhakrishnan, A., Lachance, C. C., Nincic, V., Sharpe, J. P., Ghassemi, M., Straus, S. E., & Tricco A. C. (2020). Exploring the prevalence of gaming disorder and Internet gaming disorder: a rapid scoping review. Systematic Reviews, 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643....
16.
De Raad, B. (2000). The Big Five personality factors: The psycholexical approach to personality. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
17.
Dudfield, F. W., Malouff, J. M., & Meynadier, J. (2023). The association between the five-factor model of personal-ity and problem gambling: a meta-analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 39, 669–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899....
18.
Evren, C., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., Kutlu, N., Evren, B., & Pontes, H. M. (2018). Psychometric validation of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF). Psychiatry Research, 265, 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyc....
19.
Fam, J. Y. (2018). Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: a meta‐analysis across three decades. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59, 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.1....
20.
Fuster, H., Carbonell, X., Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Spanish validation of the Internet Gaming Dis-order-20 (IGD-20) test. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.....
21.
García, L. F., Escorial, S., García, Ó., Blanch, A., & Aluja, A. (2012). Structural analysis of the facets and domains of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ) and the NEO PI-R. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/002238....
22.
Gervasi, A. M., La Marca, L., Costanzo, A., Pace, U., Guglielmucci, F., & Schimmenti, A. (2017). Personality and Internet gaming disorder: a systematic review of recent literature. Current Addiction Reports, 4, 293–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429....
23.
Goodwin, L. D. (1999). The role of factor analysis in the estimation of construct validity. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 3, 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327....
24.
Grajewski, P., & Dragan, M. (2021). Polish validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 (IGD-20) test. Psychiatria Polska, 55, 1275–1292. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/12....
25.
Grzegorzewska, I. (2017). Behavioural addictions in children and adolescents. Current Issues in Personality Psy-chology, 5, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2....
26.
Hamid, M. S., Abo Hamza, E., Hussain, Z., & AlAhmadi, A. (2022). The association between Internet gaming disor-der and sensation seeking among Arab adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 905553. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.....
27.
Ji, Y., Yin, M. X. C., Zhang, A. Y., & Wong, D. F. K. (2022). Risk and protective factors of Internet gaming disorder among Chinese people: a meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/000486....
28.
Kim, B. N. (2019). Korean validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 test. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22, 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.....
29.
King, D. L., Gainsbury, S. M., Delfabbro, P. H., Hing, N., & Abarbanel, B. (2015). Distinguishing between gaming and gambling activities in addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4....
30.
Mazaheri Nejadfard, G., & Hosseinsabet, F. (2017). Predicting Internet addiction based on sensation seeking: Me-diation effect of attachment styles. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 5, 195–202. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadp... 38.
31.
Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. (2010). Online gaming addiction: The role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroti-cism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 313–316. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.....
32.
Müller, K. W., Beutel, M. E., Egloff, B., & Wölfling, K. (2014). Investigating risk factors for internet gaming disor-der: a comparison of patients with addictive gaming, pathological gamblers and healthy controls regarding the Big Five personality traits. European Addiction Research, 20, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355....
33.
Müller, K., Dreier, M., Beutel, M., & Wölfling, K. (2016). Is sensation seeking a correlate of excessive behaviors and behavioral addictions? A detailed examination of patients with gambling disorder and Internet addiction. Psy-chiatry Research, 242, 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyc....
34.
Oquendo, M. A., Baca-García, E., Graver, R., Morales, M., Montalvan, V., & Mann, J. J. (2001). Spanish adaptation of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). The European Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 147–155.
35.
Pan, Y. C., Chiu, Y. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of Internet ad-diction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 612–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neub....
36.
Patton‚ J. H.‚ Stanford‚ M. S.‚ & Barratt‚ E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology‚ 51, 768–774. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4...<768::aid-jclp2270510607>3.0.co;2-1.
37.
Pereira, H., Fehér, G., Tibold, A., Esgalhado, G., Costa, V., & Monteiro, S. (2021). The impact of Internet addiction and job satisfaction on mental health symptoms among a sample of Portuguese workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
38.
Plessis, C., Altintas, E., Romo, L., & Guerrien, A. (2021). Validation française d’une échelle de mesure de l’utilisation problématique des jeux vidéo en ligne: l’Internet Gaming Disorder-20 [French validation of a scale evaluating Internet gaming disorder: The Internet Gaming Disorder-20]. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66, 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674....
39.
Pontes, H. M., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). The conceptualisation and measurement of DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder: The development of the IGD-20 test. PloS One, 9, e110137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
40.
Przybylski, A. K., Weinstein, N., & Murayama, K. (2017). Internet gaming disorder: Investigating the clinical rele-vance of a new phenomenon. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.a....
41.
Şalvarlı, Ş. İ., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Internet gaming disorder and its associated personality traits: a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1420–1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469....
42.
Shu, M. Y., Ivan Jacob, A. P., Meng Xuan, Z., & Anise, M. S. W. (2019). Psychometric validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 test among Chinese middle school and university students. Journal of Behavioral Addic-tions, 8, 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8....
43.
Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/000486....
44.
Strüber, D., Lück, M., & Roth, G. (2008). Sex, aggression, and impulse control: an integrative account. Neurocase, 14, 93–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/135547....
45.
WHO (2022). International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). World Health Organization.
46.
Zuckerman, M., & Aluja, A. (2015). Measures of sensation seeking. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 352–380). Academic Press.
47.
Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., Joireman, J., Teta, P., & Kraft, M. (1993). A comparison of three structural mod-els for personality: The Big Three, the Big Five, and the Alternative Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-chology, 65, 757–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3....
Copyright: © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2353-561X |
| ISSN: | 2353-4192 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
