RESEARCH PAPER
Love attitudes, psychological femininity and masculinity, Machiavellianism, narcissism, and emotional intelligence of rejectors in close relationships
 
More details
Hide details
 
Submission date: 2017-01-20
 
 
Final revision date: 2018-01-22
 
 
Acceptance date: 2018-02-02
 
 
Online publication date: 2018-06-01
 
 
Publication date: 2018-09-01
 
 
Current Issues in Personality Psychology 2018;6(3):188-199
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Background:
The aim of the study was to determine the discrepancies between people who tend to abandon their partners in close relationships and people who are involved in long-term relationships in: love attitudes (Ludus – game playing love, Eros – passionate love, Storge – friendship love, Pragma – practical love, Mania – possessive love, Agape – altruistic love), psychological femininity and masculinity, Machiavellianism, narcissism, and emotional intelligence.

Participants and procedure:
The subjects included 60 adults who reject their partners in close relationships and a reference group of 60 adults who were involved in a close relationship. The participants had qualified as rejectors when they: described themselves as “rejectors”; declared that they were not in a romantic relationship or were in one that lasts no longer than one year, claimed that in their relationships history they had rejected their partners more often compared to when they had been rejected. The measures were used: The Love Attitudes Scale, Sex Role Inventory, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Test of Machiavellianism MACH IV, and Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire.

Results:
The results showed that rejecters score higher on Ludus and Pragma but lower on Agape and Eros, in comparison with participants from the reference group. There is correlation between masculinity and the number of partners who were rejected by rejecters.

Conclusions:
Love attitudes Ludus and Pragma predicted being a rejector in close relationships.

REFERENCES (82)
1.
Acevedo, B. P., & Aron, A. (2009). Does a long-term relationship kill romantic love? Review of General Psychology, 13, 59–65.
 
2.
Ali, F., Amorim, I. S., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009). Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 758–762.
 
3.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth edition. Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
 
4.
Bailey, W., Hendtick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1987). Relation of sex and gender role to love, sexual attitudes and self-esteem. Sex Roles, 16, 637–648.
 
5.
Bazińska, R., & Drat-Ruszczak, K. (2000). Struktura narcyzmu w polskiej adaptacji kwestionariusza NPI Ruskina i Halla [The structure of narcissism in the Polish adaptation of Ruskin’s and Hall’s NPI questionnaire]. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 3-4, 171–188.
 
6.
Beck, J. H. (2001). Emotional Intelligence in Everyday Life. Abington: Taylor & Francis.
 
7.
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162.
 
8.
Brackett, M. A., Warner, R. M., & Bosco, J. S. (2005). Emotional intelligence and relationship quality among couples. Personal Relationships, 12, 197–212.
 
9.
Brewer, G., & Abell, L. (2017). Machiavellianism and romantic relationship dissolution. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 226–230.
 
10.
Brewer, G., Hunt, D., James, G., & Abell, L. (2015). Dark triad traits, infidelity and romantic revenge. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 122–127.
 
11.
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking websites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303–1324.
 
12.
Burks, S., Carpenter, J., & Verhoogen, E. (2003). Playing both roles in the trust game. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 51, 195–216.
 
13.
Buss, D. (2007). Evolution of love. In R. Sternberg & K. Weis (eds.), The New Psychology of Love (pp. 101–131). New Haven: Yale University Press.
 
14.
Buss, D. M. (2009). How can evolutionary psychology explain personality and individual differences? Perspectives in Psychological Science, 4, 359–366.
 
15.
Buss, D., & Shackelford, T. K. (1997). Susceptibility to infidelity in the first year of marriage. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 193–221.
 
16.
Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., & Finkel, E. J. (2006). Narcissism, interpersonal self-regulation, and romantic relationships: An Agency Model approach. In: E. J. Finkel & K. D. Vohs (eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (pp. 297–316). New York: Guilford Press.
 
17.
Central Statistical Office. (2012). Demographic Yearbook 2012 [Główny Urząd Statystyczny (2012). Rocznik Demograficzny 2012]. Warsaw: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych.
 
18.
Central Statistical Office. (2015). Demographic Yearbook 2015 [Główny Urząd Statystyczny (2015). Rocznik Demograficzny 2015]. Warsaw: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych.
 
19.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
 
20.
Clark, R. D., & Hatfield, E. (1989). Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 2, 39–55.
 
21.
Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. H. (1985). Love and sex role stereotypes: Do macho men and feminine women make better lovers? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 170–176.
 
22.
Contreras, R., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (1996). Perspectives on marital love and satisfaction in Mexican-American and Anglo-American couples. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 408–415.
 
23.
Davies, M. F. (2001). Socially desirable responding and impression management in the endorsement of love styles. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 562–570.
 
24.
Davis, K. E., & Latty-Mann, H. (1987). Love styles and relationship quality: A contribution to validation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4, 409–428.
 
25.
Davis, D., Shaver, P. R., & Vernon, M. L. (2003). Physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to breaking up: the roles of gender, age, emotional involvement, and attachment style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 871–884.
 
26.
Dussault, M., Hojjat, M., & Boone, R. T. (2013). Machiavellianism and dating: Deception and intimacy. Social Behavior and Personality, 41, 283–294.
 
27.
Ellis, B. J. (1992). The evolution of sexual attraction: Evaluative mechanisms in women. In: J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 267–288). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
 
28.
Emmons, R. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and Measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 11–17.
 
29.
Fehr, B., Samsom, D., & Paulhus, D. L. (1992). The construct of Machiavellianism: Twenty years later. In: C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (eds.), Advances in personality assessment (vol. 9, pp. 77–116). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
 
30.
Felmlee, D. (2001). No Couple is an Island: a social network perspective on dyadic stability. Social Forces, 79, 1259–1287.
 
31.
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J., & Thomas, G. (2000). Ideals, perceptions and evaluations in early relationship development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 933–940.
 
32.
Freudenthaler, H. H., & Neubauer, A. C. (2005). Emotional intelligence: The convergent and discriminant validities of intra- and interpersonal emotional abilities. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 569–579.
 
33.
Frey, K., & Hojjat, M. (1998). Are love styles related to sexual styles? The Journal of Sex Research, 35, 265–271.
 
34.
Gabriel, M. T., Critelli, J. W., & Ee, J. S. (1994). Narcissistic illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and attractiveness. Journal of Personality, 62, 143–155.
 
35.
Goleman, D. (1997). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
 
36.
Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1992). Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 221-233.
 
37.
Hahn, J., & Blass, T. (1997). Dating partner preferences: a function of similarity of love styles. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 595–610.
 
38.
Hatfield, E., Pillemer, J. T., O’Brien, M. U., & Le, Y.-C. L.(2008). The endurance of love: Passionate and companionate love in newlywed and long-term marriages. Interpersona, 2, 35–64.
 
39.
Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392–402.
 
40.
Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1995). Gender differences and similarities in sex and love. Personal Relationships, 2, 55–65.
 
41.
Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. S. (2006). Styles of romantic love. In R. J. Sternberg & K. Weis (eds.), The New Psychology of Love (pp. 149–170). New Haven: Yale University Press.
 
42.
Hendrick, S. S., Hendrick, C., & Adler, N. L. (1988). Romantic relationships: Love, satisfaction, and staying together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 980–988.
 
43.
Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S., Foote, F., & Slapion-Foote, M. (1984). Do men and women love differently? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1, 177–195.
 
44.
Hensley, W. E. (1996). The effect of a ludus love style on sexual experience. Social Behavior and Personality, 24, 205–212.
 
45.
Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 331–339.
 
46.
Jaworowska, A., & Matczak, A. (2001). Kwestionariusz Inteligencji Emocjonalnej INTE N. S. Schutte, J. M. Malouffa, L. E. Hall, D. J. Haggerty’ego, J. T. Cooper, C. J. Glodena, L. Dornheim. Podręcznik [Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire INTE N. S. Schutte, J. M. Malouff, L. E. Hall, D. J. Haggerty, J. T. Cooper, C. J. Gloden, L. Dornheim. Textbook]. Warsaw: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
 
47.
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010). Who is James Bond? The Dark Triad as an agentic social style. Individual Differences Research, 8, 111–120.
 
48.
Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. W., & Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The Dark Triad: Facilitating short-term mating in men. European Journal of Personality, 23, 5–18.
 
49.
Jonason, P. K., Webster, G. W., Schmitt, D. P., Li, N. P., & Crysel, L. (2012). The antihero in popular culture: A life history theory of the Dark Triad. Review of General Psychology, 16, 192–199.
 
50.
Jones, G. D., & Nelson, E. S. (1996). Expectations of marriage among college students from intact and non-intact homes. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 26, 171–189.
 
51.
Joseph, D., & Newman, D. (2010). Emotional Intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 54–78.
 
52.
Kuczyńska, A. (1992). Inwentarz do oceny płci psychologicznej. Podręcznik [Sex Role Inventory. Handbook]. Warsaw: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
 
53.
Lee, J. A. (1976). The colours of love. Ontario: New Press.
 
54.
Mallandain, I., & Davies, M. F. (1994). The colours of love: Personality correlates of love styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 557–560.
 
55.
Malouff, J., Schutte, N. S., & Thorsteinsson, E. (2014). Trait emotional intelligence and romantic relationship satisfaction: a meta-analysis. University of New England Psychology, Australia.
 
56.
Mandal, E. (2000). Podmiotowe i interpersonalne konsekwencje stereotypów związanych z płcią [The intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of gender stereotypes]. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego [University of Silesia Press].
 
57.
Mandal, E. (2003). Kobiecość i męskość. Popularne opinie a badania naukowe [Masculinity and femininity. Popular opinion and scientific research]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak.
 
58.
Martins, A., Ramalho, N., & Morin, E. (2010). A comprehensive meta-analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 554–564.
 
59.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17, 433–442.
 
60.
McHoskey, J. W. (2001). Machiavellianism and sexuality: On the moderating role of biological sex. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 779–789.
 
61.
Montgomery, M. J., & Sorell, G. T. (1997). Differences in love attitudes across family stages. Family Relations, 46, 55–61.
 
62.
Neto, F. (1993). Love styles and self-representations. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 795–803.
 
63.
O’Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., & Story, P. A. (2011). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 788–818.
 
64.
Paulhus, D. L., & John, O. P. (1998). Egoistic and moralistic bias in self-perceptions: the interplay of self-deceptive styles with basic traits and motives. Journal of Personality, 66, 1024–1060.
 
65.
Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. (2008). Breaking up romantic relationships: cost experienced and coping strategies deplayed. Evolutionary Psychology, 6, 164–181.
 
66.
Pospiszyl, K. (2000). Psychopatia [Psychopathy]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Żak.
 
67.
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.
 
68.
Raskin, R., & Shaw, R. (1988). Narcissism and the use of personal pronouns. Journal of Personality, 56, 393–404.
 
69.
Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., & Butler, J. C. (1994). Personality correlates of the Hypercompetitive Attitude Scale: validity tests of Horney’s theory of neurosis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 84–94.
 
70.
Sanri, C., & Goodwin, R. (2013). Values and love styles in Turkey and Great Britain: an intercultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 48, 837–845.
 
71.
Sarwer, D., Kalichman, S., Johnson, J., Early, J., & Akram, S. (1993). Sexual aggression and love styles: an exploratory study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 3, 265–275.
 
72.
Sbarra, D. A., & Emery, R. E. (2005). The emotional sequelae of nonmarital relationship dissolution: analysis of change and intraindividual variability over time. Personal Relationships, 12, 213–232.
 
73.
Sbarra, D. A., & Ferrer, E. (2006). The structure and process of emotional experience following nonmarital relationship dissolution: dynamic factor analyses of love, anger, and sadness. Emotion, 6, 224–238.
 
74.
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., & Gloden, C. J. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167–177.
 
75.
Waller, G. W., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). The importance of non-genetic influences on romantic love styles: A twin family study. Psychological Science, 5, 268–274.
 
76.
Wastell, C., & Booth, A. (2003). Machiavellianism: An alexithymic perspective. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 730–744.
 
77.
Watson, P. J., Grisham, S. O., Trotter, M. V., & Biderman, M. D. (1984). Narcissism and empathy: validity evidence for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 301–305.
 
78.
White, J. K., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2004). Big Five personality variables and relationship constructs. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1519–1530.
 
79.
Wojciszke, B. (1993). Psychologia miłości [Psychology of love]. Gdańsk: GWP.
 
80.
Van Rooy, D., & Viswesvaran, C. (2004). Emotional intelligence: a meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 71–95.
 
81.
Vecchio, R., & Sussman, M. (1991). Choice of influence tactics: Individual and organizational determinants. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 73–80.
 
82.
Zeigler-Hill, V., Britton, M., Holden, C. J., & Besser, A. (2015). How will I love you? Self-esteem instability moderates the association between self-esteem level and romantic love styles. Self and Indentity, 14, 118–134.
 
Copyright: © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
eISSN:2353-561X
ISSN:2353-4192
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top